Integrative perspective of the healthy aging process considering the metabolome, cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiorespiratory fitness evaluated in age groups.

The aging process causes changes at all organic levels. Although metabolism, cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are widely studied as a function of age, they are mainly studied in isolation, thus making it difficult to perceive their concomitant variations. This study aimed to investigate the integrated changes that occur in the metabolome, CAM, and CRF throughout aging in apparently healthy individuals. The subjects (n = 118) were divided into five groups according to age (20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, and 60-70 years old) and underwent blood collection, autonomic assessment, and a cardiopulmonary exercise test for metabolomics analysis using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, cardiac autonomic modulation analysis, and CRF by peak oxygen consumption analysis, respectively. The Tukey's post hoc and effect size with confidence interval were used for variables with a significant one-way ANOVA effect (P < 0.01). The main changes were in the oldest age group, where the CRF, valine, leucine, isoleucine, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, and CAM reduced and hippuric acid increased. The results suggest significant changes in the metabolome, CAM, and CRF after the age of sixty as a consequence of aging impairments, but with some changes in the metabolic profile that may be favorable to mitigate the aging deleterious effects.

High-Intensity Interval Training Does Not Change Vaspin and Omentin and Does Not Reduce Visceral Adipose Tissue in Obese Rats.

This study aimed to determine the expression of omentin and vaspin, inflammatory markers, body composition, and lipid profile in diet-induced obese rats and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: untrained normal diet, trained normal diet (T-ND), untrained high-fat diet (Unt-HFD), and trained high-fat diet (T-HFD). For the animals of the Unt-HFD and T-HFD groups, a high-fat diet was offered for 4 weeks. After that, all the animals in the T-ND and T-HFD groups were submitted to HITT, three times per week, for 10 weeks (2 weeks of adaptation and 8 weeks of HIIT). Muscle (gastrocnemius), liver, epididymal adipose tissue, retroperitoneal adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and serum were collected to analyze TNF-α, IL-6, PCR, IL-8, IL-10, IL-4, vaspin, and omentin. A body composition analysis was performed before adaptation to HIIT protocol and after the last exercise session using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Omentin and vaspin in the VAT were quantified using Western blotting. The results showed that, when fed a high-fat diet, the animals obtained significant gains in body fat and elevated serum concentrations of vaspin and blood triglycerides. The HIIT was able to minimize body fat gain but did not reduce visceral fat despite the increase in maximum exercise capacity. Moreover, there was a reduction in the serum levels of adiponectin, IL-6, and IL-10. Finally, we concluded that, although the training protocol was able to slow down the weight gain of the animals, there was no reduction in visceral fat or an improvement in the inflammatory profile, including no changes in omentin and vaspin.

Acute effects of Resistance exercise performed on ladder on energy metabolism, stress, and muscle damage in rats

Abstract AIMS To evaluate the acute effects of a resistance exercise session performed on ladder on energy metabolism, stress, and muscle damage in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in Exercise (E) (n=30) and Control (C) (n = 20) groups. The E group performed a resistance exercise session on a vertical ladder with weights on their tails. Blood samples were collected at rest and after each climb to analyze lactate levels and ten minutes after the last climb to analyze lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and corticosterone levels. RESULTS Blood lactate levels remained stable during exercise. Serum corticosterone, blood glucose, LDH and CK levels increased and glycogen content decreased in the E group, when compared to the C group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that resistance exercise performed on ladder is a model of high-intensity exercise. However, the stabilization of lactate during the session suggests that the aerobic metabolism is an important factor during the intervals between climbs.(AU)

Efeitos do treinamento de força em pessoas portadoras do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Strength training effects on persons with diabetes mellitus type 2

Esta revisão de literatura teve como objetivo, representar dados científicos especializados, indexados em bases de dados eletrônicos, sobre os efeitos que o treinamento de força pode proporcionar aos portadores do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 e os cuidados necessários ao se praticar este tipo de modalidade de treinamento físico. Sendo uma doença crônica, o diabetes reduz a expectativa de vida e está associada ao desenvolvimento de outras doenças, por isso à necessidade de busca por formas de tratamento e prevenção. O treinamento de força pode proporcionar melhora na absorção de glicose, aumento de massa magra, aumento das respostas metabólicas em repouso e composição corporal. Portanto a intervenção do treinamento de força atua de forma benéfica na prevenção e tratamento dessa enfermidade

This literature review aimed to represent specialized scientific data indexed in electronic databases, on the effects that strength training can provide to holders of type 2 diabetes and the necessary precautions when practicing this type of physical training mode. Being a chronic disease, diabetes reduces life expectancy and is associated with the development of other diseases, so the need to search for ways of treatment and prevention. Strength training can provide improved absorption of glucose, lean mass increase, increase in metabolic responses at rest and body composition. Therefore the intervention of strength training acts in a beneficial way to prevent and treat this disease

Can low-level laser therapy when associated to exercise decrease adipocyte area?

Obesity affects approximately 20% of the world population, and exercise is the primary non-pharmacological therapy. The combined use of exercise and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) may potentiate the effects promoted by exercise. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise in combination with phototherapy on adipocyte area, activity of the enzyme citrate synthase and muscle morphological analysis. We used 64 Wistar rats, which were divided into eight groups with 8 rats each: sedentary chow-diet (SC); sedentary chow-diet plus laser therapy (SCL), exercised chow-diet (EC); exercised chow-diet plus laser therapy (ECL); sedentary high-fat diet (SH); sedentary high-fat diet plus laser therapy (SHL); exercised high-fat diet (EH); exercised high-fat diet, laser therapy (EHL). The animals were submitted to a program of swimming training for 90min/5 times per week for 8weeks and LLLT (GA-Al-AS, 830nm) at a dose of 4.7J/point and a total energy of 9.4J/animal, with duration of 47s, which was applied to both gastrocnemius muscles after exercise. We conclude that the combined use of exercise and phototherapy increases the activity of the enzyme citrate synthase and decreases the white adipocyte area epididymal, retroperitoneal and visceral in obese rats, enhancing the effects of exercise.

Muscular pre-conditioning using light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) for high-intensity exercise: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with a single elite runner.

Recently, low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) has been used to improve muscle performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of near-infrared light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) and its mechanisms of action to improve muscle performance in an elite athlete. The kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO2), blood and urine markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase--CK and alanine), and fatigue (lactate) were analyzed. Additionally, some metabolic parameters were assessed in urine using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H NMR). A LED cluster with 50 LEDs (λ = 850 nm; 50 mW 15 s; 37.5 J) was applied on legs, arms and trunk muscles of a single runner athlete 5 min before a high-intense constant workload running exercise on treadmill. The athlete received either Placebo-1-LEDT; Placebo-2-LEDT; or Effective-LEDT in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with washout period of 7 d between each test. LEDT improved the speed of the muscular VO2 adaptation (∼-9 s), decreased O2 deficit (∼-10 L), increased the VO2 from the slow component phase (∼+348 ml min(-1)), and increased the time limit of exercise (∼+589 s). LEDT decreased blood and urine markers of muscle damage and fatigue (CK, alanine and lactate levels). The results suggest that a muscular pre-conditioning regimen using LEDT before intense exercises could modulate metabolic and renal function to achieve better performance.

Efeito hipocolesterolmiante do amaranto / Hipocolesterolmiante the effect amaranto

Alimentar-se bem traz grandes benefícios e à saúde, entretanto, é sabido que devido à individualidade biológica, cada organismo reage de maneira distinta. Diferenças como etnia, idade, gênero e fatores psicológicos, são aspectos fundamentais no que diz respeito às respostas metabólicas. Dessa forma influências na absorção do ferro e do cálcio, assim como na redução da lipoproteína de baixa densidade Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) e do colesterol são de grande importância para a saúde do organismo. Assim, estudar as influencia do amaranto no organismo é fundamental, uma vez que existem evidencias de que esta planta promove alterações importantes na absorção de micronutrientes e no perfil lipídico circulantes. Partindo disto o objetivo do presente estudo foi trazer informações sobre os efeitos do amaranto no organismo humano

Eating well and brings great benefits to health, however, it is known that due to the biological individuality, each body reacts differently. Differences such as ethnicity, age, gender and psychological factors are crucial with regard to metabolic responses. Thus influence on the absorption of iron and calcium, as well as reducing low-density lipoprotein Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol are of great importance for the health of the organism. So, study the influence of amaranth in the body is essential, since there is evidence that this plant promotes important changes in the absorption of micronutrients and circulating lipid profile. From this the objective of this study was to provide information on the effects of amaranth in the human body

Nutrição e diabetes / Nutrition and diabetes

Este trabalho tem como objetivo o esclarecimento sobre os diferentes tipos do diabetes mellitus, bem como demonstrar aos pacientes portadores da doença que é possível se alimentar bem e ainda desfrutar de alimentos apropriados para portadores de tal patologia. Entretanto, também, abrange outros aspectos tais como a importância na ingestão de fibras, promovendo a diminuição da absorção da glicose na corrente sanguínea, além de esclarecer dúvidas quanto à causa, complicações, alterações e prevalência da doença. Caracterizado como doença crônica, o diabetes é provocado pela deficiência de produção e/ou secreção de insulina, levando a sintomas agudos e a complicações crônicas características, tal distúrbio envolve ainda o metabolismo de glicose, das gorduras, das proteínas e acarreta em consequências danosas tanto quando surge abruptamente como quando se instala lentamente

This work aims to inform about the different types of diabetes mellitus, as well as demonstrate to patients with the disease that it is possible to eat well and still enjoy food suitable for patients with this pathology. However, it also includes other important aspects such as the intake of fibers, leading to a reduction of the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream, and to clarify doubts as to cause complications such changes and disease prevalence. Characterized as a chronic disease, diabetes is caused by deficiency of production and / or secretion of insulin leading to acute and chronic complications symptoms characteristic such disorder further involves the metabolism of glucose, fats and proteins, and leads to adverse consequences both when there abruptly as when installing slowly

Doenças associadas à obesidade infantil / Diseases associated the obesity child

O sedentarismo é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de sobrepeso e da obesidade infantil, situações que se associam para o desenvolvimento da dislipidemia, hipertensão arterial, resistência insulínica, diabetes melittus, doenças cardiovasculares entre outras alterações. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os possíveis fatores etiológicos das doenças associadas à obesidade infantil, e como a atividade física pode contribuir para a sua prevenção. Este estudo foi baseado em revisão de literatura, utilizando as bases de dados Scielo, Google acadêmico e Birime no período de 1997 a 2012. Conclui-se que trabalhar em equipe multidisciplinar de médicos, nutricionistas, educadores físicos e os próprios pais têm sido a ferramenta mais eficaz para a prevenção da obesidade infantil

Physical inactivity is a risk factor for the development of overweight and childhood obesity, conditions associated to the development of dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, among other disorders. The aim of this study was to identify possible etiologic factors of diseases associated with childhood obesity and how physical activity can contribute to its prevention. This study was based on literature review, using the Scielo, Google scholar and Birime data from 1997 to 2012. To workin a multidisciplinary team of physicians, nutritionists, physical educators and parents themselves have been the most effective tool for the prevention of childhood obesity it is concluded

Efeitos do exercício físico no estado inflamatório crônico de baixo grau induzido pela obesidade / Effects of exercise in chronic inflammatory state of low level induced by obesity

A obesidade hoje é caracterizada como um estado inflamatório crônico de baixo grau, devido ao aumento sistêmico de adipocinas liberadas pelo tecido adiposo branco, que atualmente é conhecido como um importante órgão endócrino. Há um consenso que o exercício físico promove benefícios no que diz respeito ao controle do peso corporal bem como na proteção contra doenças crônicas, como as doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e Obesidade. Os efeitos anti-inflamatórios decorrentes da pratica regular de exercícios físicos, foram propostos por vários autores. Isto serviu para dar sustentação ao objetivo deste estudo que consistiu em identificar o efeito do exercício físico, como ferramenta de prevenção e combate ao processo inflamatório provocado por um aumento da circulação sistêmica de adipocinas. As considerações finais demonstraram que o exercício físico regular provocou alterações do perfil de adipocinas, reduzindo a secreção da Leptina, TNF-α e aumentando as concentrações de adiponectina, resultando em um efeito protetor das doenças associadas à inflamação crônica de baixo grau

The Obesity is now characterized as a chronic lowgrade inflammatory state due to the systemic increase of adipokines released by white adipose tissue, which is currently known as an important endocrine organ. There is a consensus that physical exercise promotes benefits with regard to the control of body weight and protect against chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.The anti-inflammatory due to the regular practice of physical activity, effects have been proposed by various authors. This served to support the objective of this study was to identify the effect of physical exercise, and the prevention and combating inflammatory process caused by an increase in systemic circulation of adipokines tool. The final considerations have shown that regular exercise induces alterations in adipokine profile, reducing the secretion of leptin, TNF-α and increasing concentrations of adiponectin, resulting in a protective effect against diseases associated with chronic lowgrade inflammation

Efeito do exercício físico sobre marcadores inflamatórios na resistência à insulina / Effect of exercise on inflammatory markers on insulin resistance

Obesidade e processos inflamatórios crônicos podem levar a um aumento dos níveis sanguíneos de algumas moléculas responsáveis por mediar a inflamação, denominadas citocinas. O aumento em até 3 vezes desses marcadores em relação ao valor normal, recebe o nome de inflamação crônica de baixo grau e tem sido considerada um dos principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de patologias como a Resistência à Insulina, do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) e da síndrome Metabólica. Medicamentos com efeito anti-inflamatório não estão autorizados para o tratamento de inflamações crônicas e o exercício físico vem sendo utilizado como tratamento alternativo com resultados positivos. O exercício físico estimula, através da contração muscular, a produção de interleucina-6 (IL-6), que promove um ambiente anti-inflamatório sendo capaz de melhorar a transmissão do sinal insulínico. O exercício também aumenta a quantidade de GLUT4, estimulando a captação de glicose. Portanto, o exercício físico é capaz de reduzir a produção e a ação de marcadores inflamatórios, melhorando um quadro de resistência insulínica, além de poder prevenir contra o desenvolvimento do DM2. É também uma ferramenta extremamente importante no tratamento do DM2, visto que promove um aumento da captação de glicose por vias independentes à da insulina

Obesity and chronic inflammatory processes may lead to increased blood levels of some molecules responsible for mediating inflammation, called cytokines. The increase in these markers up to 3 times compared to the normal value, is called low-grade chronic inflammation and has been considered one of the main risk factors for the development of pathologies such as Insulin Resistance, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Drugs with anti-inflammatory effect are not authorized for the treatment of chronic inflammation and exercise has been used as an alternative treatment with positive results. The exercise stimulates muscular contraction by the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes antiinflammatory environment being able to improve the transmission of the insulin signal. The exercise also increases the amount of GLUT4 by stimulating glucose uptake. Therefore, exercise can reduce the production and action of inflammatory markers, a framework for improving insulin resistance, and can prevent against the development of T2DM. It is also an extremely important tool for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, since it promotes an increased uptake of glucose by the independent pathways of insulin

Intermittent sustained swimming in 'matrinxã' Brycon amazonicus (Bryconidae: Bryconinae): hematological and metabolic responses

In fish, studies on a wide variety of physiological effects of exercise have been reported since a long time. It has been attributed special attention to some types of exercise, however, its application as a healthful practice in the rearing and welfare of farming fish is rising in last few years. In this particular, long-term intermittent sustained swimming (ISS) has been not yet explored. In this work, the freshwater fish Brycon amazonicus was submitted to (ISS) for 30 days at velocity of 1.0 body-length sec-1 for 12h interspaced by 12h under still water. Hematology and metabolism were evaluated. Exercised fish decreased 30% the erythrocyte number and hemoglobin was unvaried. The stores of liver glycogen and muscular triacylglycerol (TAG) were increased and the metabolic profile was typically aerobic. The slight decrease of liver (TAG) plus the full metabolic and hematic trait allow investing in this kind of exercise a beneficial practice in the rearing of fish species.

Há muito tempo, tem sido relatada uma ampla variedade de efeitos fisiológicos em peixes sob exercício. Tem sido dada especial atenção a alguns tipos de exercício, mas, sua aplicação como prática salutar na criação e para o bem estar dos peixes vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Neste caso, a natação sustentada intermitente (ISS) por longos períodos ainda não foi explorada. Neste trabalho, o peixe de água doce Brycon amazonicus foi submetido a (ISS) por 30 dias à velocidade de 1,0 comprimento corporal s-1 por 12h intervalado de 12h sob regime de água sem movimento. A hematologia e o metabolismo foram avaliados. Os peixes exercitados diminuíram 30% a contagem de eritrócitos e o teor de hemoglobina permaneceu constante. Os estoques de glicogênio hepático, o teor de triacil glycerol muscular (TAG) aumentou e o perfil metabólico foi tipicamente aeróbico. O discreto aumento de TAG hepático, além das características hematológicas e do metabolismo como um todo, instiga-nos investigar este tipo de exercício como uma prática benéfica na criação de peixes.